Piotr and Paweł were to solve the following task:
A sequence $(a_n )$ is defined recursively by: $$ \begin{align} a_1&=2 \cr a_n&=3(n-1)-a_{n-1}+3,~n\geq 2 \end{align} $$
Find integers $x$, $y$ such that $a_7$, $a_2+x$, $a_4+2y$ are three consecutive terms of an arithmetic sequence, and $a_1$, $4x-a_2$, $3a_6-y$ are three consecutive terms of a geometric sequence.
They both calculated the following six terms of the sequence: $$ \begin{align} a_2&=3-a_1+3=4 \cr a_3&=6-a_2+3=5\cr a_4&=9-a_3+3=7\cr a_5&=12-a_4+3=8\cr a_6&=15-a_5+3=10\cr a_7&=18-a_6+3=11 \end{align} $$
Piotr continued this way: If $a_7$, $a_2+x$, $a_4+2y$ are three consecutive terms of an arithmetic sequence, then the difference between any two consecutive terms is always the same, and if $a_1$, $4x-a_2$, $3a_6-y$ are three consecutive terms of a geometric sequence, then the middle term can be calculated in terms of the outer two terms:
$$
\begin{align}
(4+x)-11&=(7+2y)-(4+x)\cr
(4x-4)^2&=2(30-y)
\end{align}
$$
He expressed $x$ from the first equation:
$$
\begin{align}
2x&=10+2y \cr
x&=5+y
\end{align}
$$
and substituted it into the second equation:
$$
\begin{align}
(4y+16)^2&=60-2y \cr
16y^2+130y+196&=0 \cr
8y^2+65y+98&=0
\end{align}
$$
Finally, he solved the quadratic equation that he got:
$$
\begin{align}
y_{1,2}&=\frac{-65 \pm \sqrt{65^2-4 \cdot 8 \cdot 98}}{16} \cr
y_{1,2}&=\frac{-65 \pm \sqrt{4225-3136}}{16}\cr
y_{1,2}&=\frac{-65 \pm \sqrt{1089}}{16}\cr
y_{1,2}&=\frac{-65 \pm 33}{16}\cr
y_1&=-2,y_2=-\frac{49}{8}
\end{align}
$$
Now, all that was left to do was to calculate $x$:
$$
x_1=3,~x_2=-\frac98
$$
He thus obtained two solutions: $x_1=3$, $y_1=-2$ and $x_2=-\frac98$, $y_2=-\frac{49}{8}$.
Paweł reasoned this way: If $a_7$, $a_2+x$, $a_4+2y$ are three consecutive terms of an arithmetic sequence, then the middle term is an arithmetic mean of the outer two terms, and if $a_1$, $4x-a_2$, $3a_6-y$ are three consecutive terms of a geometric sequence, then the common ratio is the same for any two consecutive terms: $$ \begin{align} 4+x&=\frac12 (11+(7+2y)) \cr \frac{4x-4}2&=\frac{30-y}{4x-4} \end{align} $$
He expressed $y$ from the second equation: $$ \begin{align} (4x-4)^2&=60-2y \cr 16x^2-32x+16&=60-2y \cr y&=-8x^2+16x+22 \end{align} $$ and substituted it into the first equation and got: $$ \begin{align} 8+2x&=11+7-16x^2+32x+44 \cr 16x^2-30x-54&=0 \cr 8x^2-15x-27&=0 \end{align} $$ Then he solved the above equation: $$ \begin{align} x_{1,2}&=\frac{-15 \pm \sqrt{225-4 \cdot 8 \cdot (-27) }}{16} \cr x_{1,2}&=\frac{-15 \pm \sqrt{225+864}}{16}\cr x_{1,2}&=\frac{-15 \pm \sqrt{1089}}{16}\cr x_{1,2}&=\frac{-15 \pm 33}{16}\cr x_1&=-3,~x_2= \frac98 \end{align} $$
Finally, he determined the remaining unknown $y$: $$ \begin{align} y_1&=-8 \cdot 9-48+22=-98 \cr y_2&=-8 \cdot \frac{81}{64}+16 \cdot \frac{9}{8}+22=\frac{239}{8} \end{align} $$
As for him the task has one solution, and that is $x=-3$ and $y=-98$.
Which one of them proceeded correctly in solving?
Not one of them.
Paweł
Piotr
Paweł and Piotr. Both solutions are possible.
Piotr’s solution would have been all right if he had excluded the second solution: $$ x_2=-\frac{9}{8},y_2=-\frac{49}{8} $$ We were looking for integers $x$ and $y$!